Olaudah Equiano a Man of Many Customs free essay sample

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Aloud Equation describes the life of a native African who was kidnapped from his homeland in the Oboe Province (which is now the Nigerian town of Sissies) at age eleven and thrown into the horrors of the African slave trade. Unlike most victims of the slave trade, Equation regained his freedom and experienced multiple facets Of life that no one could have expected.Equation became a man of diverse customs and values. However, due to the absence of written records it is often a matter of debate as to what his true origin really was. Throughout his autobiography, Aloud Equation defined himself as a native African. He used vivid illustrations of his homeland and experiences on the Middle Passage, and was even willing to defend the publics view of him as a man of Africa. I personally define Equation as a European citizen according to his customs, personal desires, and behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Olaudah Equiano: a Man of Many Customs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Quinoas narrative played a key role in a variety of cultural, historical, and literary issues, therefore, the identification ND ultimately the validity of its author take on special importance. While reading The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Aloud Equation found it very apparent that Equation viewed himself as an African born individual. He illustrated his culture and customs as an Gobo African in vivid details of culture, religion, law, and agriculture. (43-56) He also described the atrocities of the Atlantic slave trade as if he had recently experienced them: stating the smell, appearance, and reaction of his fellow slaves. 64-68) Although culturally Equation became almost and Englishman, embracing Christianity ND British customs, the experiences Equation shared with slaves and free people of color, and living in a world that did not differentiate between members of separate African communities, led him to consider himself also a son of Africa. (21 ) Equation embraced his A frican heritage throughout his life and even fought to uphold his reputation as such. There was an instance where two anonymous notes appeared in London papers charging that he was not from Africa at all, but was actually born on the Danish island of SST.Choir in the Caribbean. Equation realized that this claim falsified the validity of his Narrative and immediately confronted and threatened those responsible for the papers with legal action, providing actual witnesses of the fact that upon his arrival in England he was only able to speak an African language (24-25). This reaction shows that Equation held much pride in his African identity and was willing defend it against those who claimed otherwise. However, there is evidence of significant authority that claims Equation may have fabricated the origins of his identity.There are two certain documents, covered by literary historian Vincent Garrett, that pinpoint the birthplace of Equation in South Carolina that keep modern day scholars and historians from absolute certainty of his actual birthplace. One of these docu ments was written on February 9, 1759 in the baptismal registry of SST. Margaritas Church in Westminster, England. It read, Gustavo Vass (Aloud Equation) a Black born in Carolina 12 years old. (26) The second document was from Quinoas Arctic expedition in 1773. It claims that he was currently 28 years old and born in South Carolina.Neither of these findings is conclusive as to whether Equation was African or American-born, but they certainly leave plenty of room for uncertainty. (26-27) I personally define Equation as European, particularly an Englishman. Notions of English nationality are found in great abundance throughout the text. Quinoas narrative repeatedly expresses his desire for a male English identity. He doesnt view Englishmen as a racially exclusive nationality, but one that evokes an ethnic identity that Equation defines through Christianity, and citizenship.Two to three years after arriving n England Equation claimed l no longer looked at them as spirits, but as men superior to us; and therefore had a stronger desire to resemble them; to imbibe their spirit, and imitate their manners therefore embraced every occasion of improvement; and every new thing that I observed I treasured up in my memory. (83) Here we see Quinoas envy for his new superiors and his wish to possess their culture and belongings. This desire strongly encouraged my opinion of Quinoas identity as European.My opinion was also influenced by Quinoas acculturation into English society and customs during his early teen years. l could now speak English tolerably well, and I perfectly understood everything that was said. I now not only felt myself quite easy with these new countrymen, but relished their society and manners. (83) It is clear that Equation identified his shipmates as his countrymen and personally enjoyed the interactions he had with each one of them. It was now between three and four years since I first came to England, a great part of which I had spent at sea; so that became inured to that service, ND began to consider myself as happily situated; for my master treated me always extremely well; and my attachment and gratitude to him were very great. From the various scenes I had beheld on ship-board, I soon grew a stranger to terror of every kind, and was, in that respect at least, almost an Englishman. (83) This passage shows that Equation developed an affectionate relationship with his master and also that their bond strengthened Quinoas identity as an adult man.Even more important, the identity Equation is trying to proclaim for myself as an adult man, a stranger to terror of eve ry kind, is as a European. There are also certain actions and beliefs that Equation maintained that provoked the establishment of his European desires. For instance, he believed the only manner towards proper adulthood is as an Englishman. Equation doesnt come right out and say this but there is a point in the text where he noted that he considers himself very fortunate that he didnt receive his family members tribal marking on his face, as is would have represented his entrance into mature Bib manhood. As was now amongst a people who ad not their faces scarred, like some of the African nations where had been, I was very glad that I did not let them ornament me in that manner (69). Also, during Quinoas voyage to Jamaica and the Mosquito Shore he went to see a Guineas doctor to purchase slaves to cultivate a plantation. He even chose them according to their native land in hopes that it is near his own. (189) The identification of Aloud Equation is of the utmost importance because of the critical role he played in the antislavery movement.Even the timing of a personable voice speaking out against slavery Was important cause it was a time when opposition to slavery was scattered throughout Britain and America and Quinoas narrative, along with other factors, helped assemble the movement into one of the greatest in British history. It was Quinoas personal accounts and experiences that validated his narrative. He possessed the intelligence and capability to spread his ideas to men and women on all levels of British society. He also had the members of significant political authority to support his narrative to yet further its validity.Unfortunately, Equation never had the opportunity to bare witness to what he irked so hardly toward because the slave trade ended in both England and the United State ten years after his death (1807). Conclusively, it is very apparent that Aloud Equation distinguished himself as an African-born man, even though personally identify him as a man of European customs based on his desires, influences, and his acculturation into European society. Most importantly, Quinoas narrative played a key role as an abolitionist tool in the fight against slavery and the identity of its author deems it valid as a historical document.

Ethical Issues When Working With Children Social Work Essay Essay Example

Ethical Issues When Working With Children Social Work Essay Essay Example Ethical Issues When Working With Children Social Work Essay Essay Ethical Issues When Working With Children Social Work Essay Essay Essay Topic: Social Issues Social Issues To what extent can research workers be after for ethical issues when working with kids and immature people? Peoples frequently think of moralss or ethical motives, as a regulation for separating between what is right and incorrect. Something that springs to mind, is the stating ; Do unto others as you would hold them make unto you or the spiritual credo of the Ten Commandments, Thou Shalt non kill . This is a common manner of specifying moralss and the norms for behavior that distinguish between unacceptable and acceptable behavior. Most people learn ethical norms within the place, at school or in other educational scenes. Majority of people get their sense of right and incorrect during their childhood as moral development occurs throughout life. Simply because as human existences, we pass through different phases of growing as we mature. Ethical norms can be classed as omnipresent, merely because one might be tempted to see them as simple commonsense . A plausible account of these dissensions is that as worlds, we can recognize some common ethical norms, but bulk of persons may use and construe these norms in different ways in regard of their ain life experiences and ain values. Our society has legal regulations that govern behavior, but ethical norms can be broader and more informal than Torahs. However, most societies use Torahs to implement moral criterions and ethical and legal regulations use similar constructs, it is nevertheless important to indicate out that jurisprudence and moralss are non the same. For illustration, an action could be classed as legal, but illegal or unethical, but ethical. Society besides uses ethical constructs and rules to construe Torahs, evaluate and criticise. Within the last century, citizens were urged to disobey Torahs in order to protest what they classed as unfair Torahs that were immoral. Within research with kids and immature people there are several grounds why it is of import to adhere to ethical norms. First, it promotes the purposes of research and illustrations include, truth, turning away and cognition such as beliing research informations promote the truth, prohibitions against fabricating, distorting and avoid mistake. Second, is that research frequently involves a great trade of cooperation and coordination amongst different people in different establishments and subjects. Ethical criterions promote the values that are indispensable to collaborative work, which include equity, trust, answerability and common regard. For illustration, many ethical norms in research, such as guidelines for writing, informations protection policies, and confidentiality regulations are designed to protect rational belongings involvements, but still encouraging coaction amongst the establishments. Therefore, research workers want to have recognition for their work and parts to be disclosed prematurely and do non desire to hold their thoughts stolen. Third and the chief criterion is that many of the ethical norms help to guarantee that research workers can be held accountable to the populace. Many of the norms with research are that it promotes a assortment of other of import moral and societal values, for illustration societal duty, human rights, conformity with the jurisprudence, and wellness and safety. Critically, ethical oversights in research can significantly harm worlds, pupils and the populace. A research worker who may manufacture informations in a clinical test could harm patients and a research worker who fails to stay by ordinances and guidelines, as set out in the ethical criterions, could endanger his wellness and safety or the wellness and safety of staff and pupils in relation to radiation or biological safety. Consequently, moralss are frequently a affair of seeking to happen a balance between opposite extremes. Ethical research with kids has changed significantly in the past 30 old ages and modern criterions of research moral principle may well depend on modern crystalline research methods and a respectful relationship between kids and research workers. During the 1947s attorneies stressed the dangers of research and insisted that willing consent should be obtained, although it was presumed that kids were excessively immature to give consent and accordingly banned from take parting from research. Traditionally, kids were non allowed to accept for themselves for medical Children traditionally were non allowed to accept for themselves in footings of medical processs and even for the simplest processs. Today, there are three sanctioned theoretical accounts of consent for kids. First, kids who are classed as competent, which are sometimes called minors may supply consent on their ain. Second, kids may supply an acquiescence with parental consent and 3rd, some kids, due to their developmental phase or age can non supply consent until parental consent is sought. Critically, this can raise serious on-going challenges and some of the troubles can originate from measuring competency, best involvements every bit good as, motives. Equally good as covering with struggle between kids, parents and or with kids and young person, many of which may be populating on the street or in a crisis state of affairs, to call merely a few illustrations. Childs are traditionally considered more vulnerable than grownups and this is because of their deficiency of competency to take portion in doing determinations. This could be particularly around complex issues, such as wellness attention and inclusion, in research. This exposure means that parents/ defenders, pedagogues and wellness attention professionals must be trusted to move in their best involvements and do determinations for them. Furthermore, this exposure has frequently meant that some kids are merely excluded from research which is frequently in short-sighted efforts to protect them from injury. Consequently, this has resulted in excepting kids from research and in research, failed to larn about kids and to develop better and new ways to handle, attack and protect them. Alderson ( 2004 ) states that Ethicists teach the regulations for ethical research are based on three chief ways of believing about what is good research: the rules of making good research because it is right and right thing to make. Right based research involves regard and kids s rights, such as supplying for basic demands for illustration, health care and instruction. Protection from kid maltreatment and favoritism and engagement is critical during ethical research in holding their ain positions listened to and respected by grownups. This is based on good research, instead so trusting entirely on grownup rules and values. The best results based moralss fundamentally means, working out how to avoid or cut down injury and costs . Research workers may bring forth really deceptive consequences that are produced in policies that could damage kids s lives. Research workers may upset kids by worrying them by doing false promises or bewray them. Critically, moral inquiries about power, honestness and esteeming people can originate throughout the research procedure. Although a job, frequently rarely mentioned by ethicians, is a hazard on published research studies that addition stigma and disadvantage kids and immature grownups. However, these studies can assist research workers turn to such hazards and jobs and larn how to cover with them. An existent research that was nt decently planned and a peculiar ethical issue uncovered was when, as stated by Dennis, 2009 A Nipponese alumnus pupil, was interpreting at a parent/teacher conference and the instructor asked her to go through along remarks to the parents that Hanako s idea were ill-mannered. She did non desire to make it. She intervened covertly because she did non go through along the remarks as they had been expressed by the instructor, but she pretended to make so. She tried to do the point the instructor was doing, but in a much more polite, positive, and from Hanako s position, acceptable manner . Critically, this issue would hold failed to show the instructor s annoyance and present an ethical hazard, as this interpersonal intercession was non inclusive. It could present a possible injury, as it failed to advance moral and societal values and follow ethical criterions that promote the values that are important to collaborative work, such as common regard and t rust, particularly when working with kids and immature people. Another existent research that the research worker planned good for ethical issues was that off, Naz Rassool. Rassool ( 2004 ) was interested in working with a group of 14 and 15 twelvemonth olds that raised several ethical and practical issues. Rassool felt that the students should non be exploited emotionally due to the nature of the work as the students were in a critical stage of their development. The research had to be really sensitive through its probes of individuality formation. Therefore, the ethical issues were paramount and persisted throughout the research. Rassool found the most effectual manner to turn to the theoretical research inquiry to the students, integrating the constructs of faith, knowledgeableness, societal alteration and single reflexiveness, all provided Rassool the theoretical model. To bring forth a common apprehension of the intent of the research, Rossool conducted a seminar with staff involved, which addressed the purposes of the research, ethical iss ues and the intent of the activities. Other ethical issues, revolved in having parental consent and whether this as perfectly necessary, if the activities formed a portion of the instruction programme. However, since the ultimate purpose is to reply research inquiries it is important that all ethical issues are applied throughout. Critically, nevertheless when working with kids and immature people, it is normal protocol to seek parental consent, particularly when carry oning research. Rossool s research promoted the purposes of research ; followed ethical criterions and advance the values, which are indispensable for collaborative work, such as common regard, trust and equity. It promoted moral and societal values. Research to a great extent relies on the populace to take portion in the research and if this cooperation is to go on, so research workers have to maintain high ethical criterions. Alderson ( 2004 ) states public anxiousness about the remotion of kids s variety meats without consent, partially for research shows how research moralss, consent and rights may alter, particularly when kids are involved . Similar alterations may happen in societal research and hence, it is important to derive foresight about societal research from the hindsight of medical research. Critically many medical diaries refuse to print these studies that may non hold the backup of ethical commission blessing and hence, research workers need to maintain abreast of the ethical criterions. Deriving moralss commission blessing can take clip and can protect people who take portion in the research and protect them from judicial proceeding and unfavorable judgment. The extent research workers can be after for ethical issue is by affecting kids and immature people and should merely be conducted when the research inquiry posed is important to the well-being and wellness of kids. Ethical motives help research workers to be more cognizant of hidden jobs, but do non ever provide the right and easy replies. However, a research process which is non intended straight to profit the kid topic is non needfully either unethical or illegal. Such research includes detecting and mensurating normal development and the usage of healthy voluntaries in controlled experiments. The engagement of kids is indispensable and this is because the information available from research on other persons can non reply the inquiry posed in relation to the kids. Therefore, the survey method is appropriate for kids and the fortunes in which the research is conducted, provides for the emotional, physical, emotional and safety of the kid. The challenges associating to ethical and consent issues affecting kids and immature people in research are legion and necessitate careful consideration and yet are non unsurmountable. Critically, as a precedence, research workers must prosecute with the legal, moral and ethical jussive moods offered by UNICEF. As Alderson quoted, that Rights based research involves regard and kids s rights and as portion of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in peculiar. The research worker needs to give diligence to Article 12, and the article due and persevering consideration in its entireness, by esteeming the positions of the kid. Research workers must non merely commit to inclusive patterns, but besides maintain assiduousness in guaranting that kids and immature people are respected participants in the research procedure, from choice of methodological analysiss to the airing and coverage of consequences. With these guidelines in head, kids should be offered chances to truly take part in research. When grownups are doing determinations that affect kids, kids have the right to state what they think should go on and hold their sentiments taken into history. Ethical considerations are paramount in kids s research and direction of these considerations can be really influential on the research that is finally completed with kids and immature people. The major issues discussed include, protection and safety versus engagement, the function of moralss commissions and the impact of consent procedures. In drumhead, negociating moralss blessing and entree to kids and immature people remains a major challenge. More attending demands to be given to easing information and understanding participatory research across all groups involved to understate civilization clangs and increase the apprehension of the nature of participatory research. As Dennis, 2009 quotation marks There is one ethical rule that worked otherwise: all people s voices should be included in determination devising therefore those who oppose equalitarianism should non be allowed to do determinations that limit the inclusion of others voices. In this instance, there is no manner to accomplish classless inclusivity with people who would restrict the classless and inclusive intervention of others. Therefore, the two facets of this ethical rule do non belie each other and do non necessitate to be criticised on these evidences . The extent research workers can be after for ethical issue is by guaranting the acceptance of methods which are respectful to the kids and is besides important that research workers take moralss earnestly. This may intend research workers traveling off from traditions that in the yesteryear may hold considered kids as unthinking human existences . Alternatively, it places the accent on esteeming kids as dynamic people, which makes this method more realistic and productive. This is accordingly classed as ethical, as most moralss encourage research methods with kids participants. Word Count: /2,500

How to Choose the Right Book Cover Dimensions in 3 Simple Steps

How to Choose the Right Book Cover Dimensions in 3 Simple Steps How to Choose the Right Book Cover Dimensions When we talk about book cover design, we often talk about the color palette, typography and use of images. What we rarely mention are the dimensions of the cover. After all, it’s usually determined by the book’s trim size. That, or it’s seemingly inconsequential, as most new independent authors rely on ebook sales anyhow, where the cover only really exists on digital retailers.In this post, we'll look at the standard sizes of book covers in publishing and help you decide on the right dimensions when creating or commissioning your own design.Before we jump too far into the conversation, let's start by looking at the most popular ebook cover sizes used today.What are the recommended book cover dimensions?Kindle Direct Publishing recommended size -   2,560 x 1,600 (1.6:1 aspect ratio)Novels and Non-Fiction -   2,560px x 1,600px (1.5:1 aspect ratio)Illustrated Books -   2,800px x 3,920px  (1.4:1 aspect ratio) or  3,000px x 3,600px (1.2:1 aspect ratio)Audiob ooks -   3,200px x 3,200px (1:1 aspect ratio)These numbers might be confusing at first, especially if you're not familiar with pixels and aspect ratios. In this next section, we'll take a closer look at what these terms mean, and how they will affect your cover. Choosing the size and shape of your ebook coverThe cover on the right has half the dots per square inch (DPI) of the version on the left.Both KDP Print and IngramSpark suggest a resolution of 300 dots per square inch (DPI) for your cover design. And in the case of most printers, a CMYK (Cyan Magenta Yellow) color profile is preferred over an RGB (Red Green Blue) one.To learn more about designing your perfect cover, check out this complete guide to book cover design on the Reedsy blog.Do you have any questions or thoughts on book covers and their recommended dimensions? Drop a message in the comments below.

BP's Africa Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BP's Africa Strategy - Essay Example BP is a multi-million multinational oil and gas company with regional branches in almost every part of the world. The company has a head office in the United Kingdom. According to the latest version of Forbes magazine, the company is ranked in the third largest among the energy companies, while it falls in the fourth position among the largest companies in the entire globe (Monasa, 2008). The company has ventured in almost all major process in the energy sector; this includes exploration, refining, production as well as marketing and distribution among other processes. Currently, the company has its branches in about 85 nations. This work focuses on the BP analysis in Africa. BP has an established brand name, and this can be indicated by its fast growth rate. The company has its branches in several nations in Africa, but the African branch is headquartered in South Africa. The company has its billboards in major parts of Africa, this is a good indication that the company is still on the move to brand itself further. BP Africa is facing stiff business competition from other oil and gas companies like SNEPCO, Gulf Oil Company, sea petroleum and gas group of companies, Teresols Oil & Gas, The Hydra group and PetroSA among others. The company has adopted some business strategies to remain on top of the business among its competitors. These strategies are meant to attract and maintain more customers. The company has been on a business growing trend since the Africa Company was established. BP Africa ventures on oil and gas as its main products (Mark, 2007). These products are termed as global products since they are important in any part of the government. Oil is a very important commodity in the current generation where the automobile is part and parcel of human life. Gas on the other hand is another commodity current generation can hardly do with. Gas is majorly used as a source of fuel. BP Africa has adopted some business strategies to beat its competitors. The f irst move advantage is applied in several ways of the company’s operations. First Bp was among the first oil and Gas Company in the continent. This provided a humble ground for its marketing. The company reports indicate that little resources were used to market or advertise the company products. This is because very few related companies were already in the market. It took several years before African countries could establish their own oil and gas companies like PetroSA , Oil Libya and National oil among others. The pioneers in a certain business would always the overall control of the sector, since it sticks to the memory of majority for quite a long time despite the competitors (Schmenner, 2004). BP Africa created a business monopoly or emperor which would take a long time to be broken. The company has however advanced its operations to maintain the customers it captured when it came to Africa. The company also enjoys the fact that the majority of auto-mobile owners like to maintain fuel from a specific company. Using oil from different companies interferes with the efficient operations of engines. Advantage of first move The company took advantage of emerging first in the market by purchasing large amount of oil and gas from African companies at more subsidized price then repackage and sell at a more favorable prices to attract more customers but make profit in

Draft Annotated Bibliography Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Draft Annotated Bibliography - Coursework Example Banks (2003) noted the difference between irrational or discriminatory and rational racial profiling, where the latter is based on actual criminal activities and reports. He focused on the campaign against racial profiling and noted injustice when minorities experience disadvantages because of racial profiling. The study is useful in showing that racial profiling can lead to discrimination but, in agreement to what he had said, eliminating it is not the solution to discrimination in the law enforcement system. Engel, R.S., Calnon, J.M., & Bernard. T.J. (2002). Theory and racial profiling: Shortcomings and future directions in research. Justice Quarterly, 9(2), 249-273. Retrieved from http://www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/ccjr/docs/articles/engel_articles/Theory_Racial_Profiling.pdf Engel, Calnon, and Bernard (2002) evaluated the research on racial profiling. They noted that, using data from traffic stops and arrests among other data sources, researchers believed that the police generally exhibited discrimination in racial profiling. Engel et al. (2002) asserted though that these studies usually had the flaw of having no guidance from a theoretical framework to support their conclusion that racial discrimination did happen. The study is important in underscoring the gap in literature for studies that can improve the theoretical foundation of racial and criminal profiling. Glover (2007) studied police opinions on racial profiling through an in-depth interview research method. She noted that police officers downplayed racism in racial profiling through emphasizing the spatial context of their criminal investigations. The article is important in emphasizing the need for gathering more qualitative information about the perceptions and experiences of the police regarding racial profiling and criminal profiling. Godwin, M. (2002). Reliability, validity, and utility of criminal profiling typologies. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 17(1), 1-18. Retrieved

Recommendations for Tuen Mun Landfill Expansion

Recommendations for Tuen Mun Landfill Expansion Man Sum Yi, Annie Urban Planning: Principles and Practices To: Principal Town Planner From: Assistant Town Planner (MAN Sum Yi Annie) Subject: Recommendation to Tuen Mun landfill expansion Landfill is being regarded as one of the locally unwanted land uses (â€Å"LULUs†) (Popper, 1981), and sitting of LULUs often causes heated debate among the society (Lai et al., 2007). According to the prediction made by the Legislative Council (2013), the West New Territories (â€Å"WENT†) landfill in Tuen Mun is expected to be exhausted in 2019. The accelerated exhaustion of landfill in Hong Kong catches our attention, and this planning problem requires immediate response from the government and urban planners. Even though major opposition is held by Tuen Mun residents, the necessity of WENT landfill expansion cannot be denied, in the view of surging waste loads and the other waste management strategies are not ready yet. In this memo, the crux of the landfill expansion problem will first be discussed, followed by recommended policy actions and justifications in gaining support to the plan. Crux of WENT landfill expansion problem Appropriate location of landfills remains as a big challenge to planners. The debate of landfill expansion is particularly significant in Hong Kong because of limited land and high population density (Woo, 2010). Moreover, the public does not trust the government in siting locally unwanted land uses (Lam Woo, 2009; Woo, 2010). There is a major dilemma between environmental justice and urgency in handling waste. Despite the fact that the government is working on other waste management strategies, such as the proposed waste charge, food waste recycling partnership scheme and the new incinerator (Environmental Protection Department, 2014), landfill extension is still necessary to handle the remaining 10,000 tonnes of waste which require disposal every day (Legislative Council, 2013). Fuelled by increasing population and rapid economic development, the amount of waste loads is expected to surge continuously. Tuen Mun residents are concerned about the unfavorable impacts disturbing their living environment, which includes odors, health impacts, public hygiene, and the declining local image. Furthermore, Tuen Mun residents challenged the government decision that environmental justice is infringed as Tuen Mun is currently home to many LULUs (Lam Woo, 2009). As discussed in the previous memo, public perception, alternative policies and sustainability of landfills are the three main reasons hampering public support towards the expansion plan. Therefore, in this memo, recommendations are made on the basis to gain public acceptance. Recommended policy actions An open and participatory approach is recommended; there are four recommended policy actions to increase public acceptance and gaining public trust. They include evaluating the expansion plan, minimizing disturbance to Tuen Mun residents, showing commitment and involving the public. First, planners can evaluate the whole expansion plan once again, in terms of distance from residents and the extended area. Planners can examine the possibility of reducing the expansion area. A smaller expansion area will be more acceptable to residents, as their social responsibility in handling waste will be smaller. 67.95% of interviewed Tuen Mun residents perceived the landfill expansion as a need for Hong Kong, while only 12.5% perceived it as a local need in a survey conducted (Lam Woo, 2009). The government can increase education and promotion, in order to allow the public to understand the urgency of the problem. Second, planners can propose ways to minimize nuisance brought to the residences in Tuen Mun. The design of garbage truck can be improved and the leakage problem of waste water should be strictly controlled. Planting greenbelts around the expanded landfill is another suggestion, which can act as a separation between the landfill and local residents. Planners can explore the other ways in transporting waste, for example using sea transport, so that disturbance during waste transportation can be reduced. Streets can be cleaned more frequently within Tuen Mun; hence pests and insects can be eliminated. Third, the government should show commitment to the public, demonstrate that they will shoulder the responsibility in waste management. The government can present a timeline in municipal waste reduction and set long term reduction goals. Tuen Mun residents expressed that the pollution problem arose from landfill extension was their top concern (Lam Woo, 2009). An air quality monitoring station can be set up in Tuen Mun, monitoring the amount of toxic gases and the general air quality. This can increase the confidence of Tuen Mun residents towards the landfill expansion and better protect health of residents. Last but not least, the government should be more sensitive to local concerns and engage public in the decision-making process. Rather than compensation strategies, greater public participation is more effective in persuading local residents (Lam Woo, 2009). Government can foster trust building by increasing transparency and lengthening time for the consultation period. The government should show respect to the views of different stakeholders. The government can adopt residents’ suggestions towards the expansion plan, and promote better communication with residents and the Tuen Mun District Council. Justifications to recommended actions Indeed, achieving environmental justice is always easier said than done. The concept of environmental justice refers to the equal share of burden of responsibility (Levy, 2011) in handling waste. During the process of decision making, fair treatment and meaningful involvement of the public is being considered as elements of environmental justice. Environmental injustice can be seen through the concentration of costs and risks of LULUs on a particular population (Been, 1993). Each district in Hong Kong has its own function, and functions of districts are determined by locational factors. Although some Tuen Mun residents call for the respect towards environmental justice, fair siting of LULUs among all districts is extremely difficult and impractical. Proper siting of landfill requires the consideration of environmental, technical and social factors, and the wind direction is especially important. In order to persuade residents to accept the expansion plan, the government should prove that Tuen Mun is a legitimate and reasonable choice, as well as minimizing impacts brought to residents. The ultimate goal of the WENT landfill expansion is to achieve comprehensive planning, in which health, safety and public welfare are taken into consideration. Comprehensive planning refers to the plan that can guide the development of the entire community in a long term (Levy, 2011). Evaluation of the extension plan and minimization of disturbance represent government’s consideration of the affected residents. The above suggested policy actions are able to establish trust between the public and the government, as the views of Tuen Mun residents are being considered and taken into account. An open and participatory approach in handling LULUs is crucial, as the public is being involved. Compensation measure is not recommended because economic loss is not one of the concerns of the affected residents (Lam Woo, 2009). Moreover, the effectiveness of monetary compensation has been questioned (Jenkins-Smith Kunreuther, 2005). Conclusion The urgency waste problem is less significant than other pollution problems since it does not directly affect daily lives of Hong Kong citizens. In addition to other waste management policies, the proposed WENT landfill expansion plan is the best way to handle municipal solid waste. The government and planners play the most important role in promoting this expansion plan. In response to the strong local opposition, four recommendations are made, which include evaluating the expansion plan, minimizing disturbance, showing commitment and involving the public. Environmental justice is in fact difficult to be achieved in reality, so planners should focus on ways to gain public acceptance while formulating policy actions. The above suggested ways are feasible because views of Tuen Mun residents are taken into account and they are involved in the decision-making process. All in all, the government should be committed to execute other reduction goals while promoting the expansion plan, and the persuasiveness of the plan will be increased. References: Books Levy, John M. (2011). Contemporary Urban Planning, ninth edition, Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. Jenkins-Smith, H.C. and Kunreuther, H. (2005). Mitigation and benefits measures as policy tools for siting potentially hazardous facilities: determinants of effectiveness and appropriateness. In: S.H. Lesbirel and D. Shaw, eds. Managing conflict in facility siting: an international comparison. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 63–84. Journal articles Been, V. (1993). Whats fairness got to do with it? Environmental justice and the siting of locally undesirable land uses.Cornell L. Rev.,78, 1001. Lam, K.C. Woo, L.Y. (2009). Public perception of locally unwanted facilities in Hong Kong: Implications for conflict resolution. Local Environment, 14(9), 851-869. Lai, P.W. et al. (2007). Siting and community response to locally unwanted land uses: a literature review. Hong Kong: Centre for Environmental Policy and Resource Management, Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Popper, F.J. (1981). Sitting LULUs. Planning, Vol. 47, 4: pp.12-15. Woo, L. Y. (2010).Trust and public perception: Insights for facility siting in Hong Kong(Order No. 3483306). Available from ProQuest Dissertations Theses AI. (902185449). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/902185449?accountid=14548 Website materials Environmental Protection Department (2014). Food Waste Recycling Partnership Scheme. Retrieved from http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/owt_food.html Legislative Council (2013). Environmental Infrastructure Projects. The Legislative Council Panel on Environmental Affairs. CB(1)1079/12-13(01) Retrieved from http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr12-13/english/panels/ea/papers/ea0527cb1-1079-1-e.pdf

Morality in Ethan Frome Essay

In The Morality of Inertia, Lionel Trilling argues that Ethan Frome’s inability to make his own ethical decisions ultimately makes his ‘smash-up’ a tragic event caused by the inactivity of morality. The nonexistence of this moral inertia is the explanation, for Trilling, for the outcome of Frome; the lack of moral responsibility in any of the main characters from the beginning of their lives paralyzes their decision making process– they simply exist and do what is their duty. Trilling’s aspect that Frome was a morally inadequate man is a valid fact affirmed by Edith Wharton’s provided background of him; the idea that he was unable to make choices and is only capable of enduring can be proven inaccurate with his Frome’s actions throughout the story. The notion that Ethan Frome is incapable of making ethical decisions based on his background can also be countered with his background and actions. Trilling uses Frome’s â€Å"duties as a husband† and son as support for his claim that â€Å"[c]hoice is incompatible with [Ethan’s existence]† (from Morality of Inertia). However, the reader is exposed to Ethan’s ability to recognize choices, and decisions not to act on them, throughout the story. Frome acknowledges his dilemma of running away with Mattie or staying with Zeena, but is inefficient in seeing past the initial consequences of each choice and exploring other possibilities of escape besides the basic. Ethan’s central decision in the book, to commit suicide with Mattie, is made with free will; although it is Mattie’s idea, Ethan agrees and takes the reins in the front of the sled. Although Ethan Frome is a broken man perpetually frozen in a bleak Starkfield, one cannot disregard his inaction when he is presented and acknowledges choices. He constantly contemplates expressing his love for Mattie, looking for â€Å"the all-expressive word,† but fails to, even when alone with her, making â€Å"free choice† a moot point (Ethan Frome; from Morality of Inertia). Morality is not caused by inertia in Ethan’s case but personal authorization– Ethan’s decision to commit suicide proves this point; the act proves that he was capable of confessing his love to Mattie, but failed to up to that moment. Although Frome can be held responsible for his moral inactivity, he can be considered a morally inadequate man in his present state. His inadequacy, however, was not a constant in life or a sudden occurrence– it snowballed from his youth and finally solidified through the ‘smash-up’. His earlier experiences in a university and the joy it brought him was quickly interrupted after a year by his sickly parents. The unfortunate circumstance forces Ethan Frome to move back to the depressing Starkfield he had just escaped. His parents’ illnesses bring along Zenobia, who would be another future, unseen oppression along with Starkfield. For years, Ethan lives in depressing conditions that decline as time goes on. The chance to finally leave them behind, however, comes in Mattie, Zenobia’s cousin and maid. Ethan’s inability to act on this chance of escape finally seals his fate when Mattie is paralyzed and he is critically injured. Although jinxed with unfortunate circumstances, Ethan Frome’s life could have been bettered if one small step or action was taken by him for himself with the intention to create personal joy or pleasure. The importance of taking steps in life betterment can be seen in Ethan Frome. Although one may lack a history of â€Å"making moral decisions,† the human instinct to do so is always there (from Morality of Inertia). Ethan Frome was able to rationalize and recognize choices inside of his head; it was his inability to act on any one until his attempted suicide that created his depressing circumstances. The irony of his only decision with Mattie being one of the most deciding ones in his life underscores the fact that if he had taken this initiative before this instance, his life might have taken a different track. This was not a forced or accidental occurrence; Ethan Frome was in fact an unfortunate individual in undesirable circumstances, but with a free will and mind developed enough to make